The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1499 Words

â€Å"The past is never where you think you left it† (Katherine Anne Porter). People intentionally not willing to leave their past due to the prehistoric memories because the good memory they had. Relevant to Porter’s evince in the novel of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby a guy who cannot leave his past, constantly wanting to change everything back to the past with his former lover Daisy but never succeeds due to people’ desire of meliorate their lives. During this process the novel also reveals that there’s no distinction of careless between people in the 1920’s and the corruption of American Dream. Fitzgerald uses color symbolism to reveal the unfaithful condition of living and the loss of purity also the descended moral†¦show more content†¦Grey is the color that’s everywhere among the valley implies the unfaithful condition of those people who lives there. Under the circumstance of that time, people cannot ove rride these obstacles to be successful; therefore the American Dream is not achievable for them since the poor’ have no opportunities to progress their will. In addition when Tom told Wilson, Gatsby killed his wife in the valley of ashes. â€Å"Wilson’s glazed eyes turned out to the ashheaps, where small grey clouds took on fantastic shape and scurried here and there in the faint dawn wind†(Fitzgerald 167). Through Wilson’s grey eyes once it again proves the dilemma people have to go through. Meanwhile Tom in this case represents the corrupted one utilizing Wilson as a tool to go against Gatsby. By applying the color grey it shows the hopeless of the poor and spreading the corruption among people. Furthermore, when Nick and Tom went to Gatsby’s party, they gathered and talk about the surrounding of Gatsby’s mansion. â€Å"It was dawn now on Long Island and we went about opening the rest of the windows downstairs, filling the house with grey turning, gold turning light† (Fitzgerald 159). Both two colors gold and grey are being implied. Gold means the wealth, grey in another hand means the depravity that exists among the wealth. Fitzgerald used grey and gold describe Gatsby’s house since he is rich in a way, but he got his money from a unregulated way, which shows among the The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1499 Words Symbols such as the green light are significant throughout the novel because it represents society’s want and the appearing infeasibility of achieving the American Dream, and the corruption behind it. When Gatsby is first seen in the novel, Fitzgerald describes him: â€Å"— he stretched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him I could’ve sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far way, that might have been the end of a dock† (Fitzgerald 20-21). Gatsby’s ultimate unhappiness is explored by his throwing his arms out towards the green light, which is at the end of Daisy’s dock, as a cry for help from Daisy. Gatsby is†¦show more content†¦Gatsby believes that by recreating his past he will be closer and closer to that light and to his happy ending with Daisy, but the light still moves more distant. The light ac ts as Gatsby’s motivation for success but in all reality it is the reason for his ultimate downfall. The green light may seem as a symbol for the American Dream and the ultimate goal of happiness, but in reality it just shows how society is constantly reaching and reaching for this â€Å"goal† but it never really happens. Gatsby constantly reaches his hands out towards the light but the light moves farther and farther away from him. But in the end the green light is too far away and fails him, his American Dream is over. When Fitzgerald writes how the green light â€Å"eluded us then†, it means the green light leaves a hazy future, one where nobody really knows how he or she will end up. The American Dream can be symbolized this way as well because if everyone did what Gatsby did to achieve the American Dream, society would be full of selfish people with one goal, money to achieve happiness. The Valley of Ashes symbolizes the upper class’s overuse of their money and materialistic possessions to show the selfishness and the corruption of the American Dream. When the valley is first introduced it is described as: â€Å"This is a valley of ashes- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American liter ature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Indian BPO Associations - 912 Words

India has created as a hot objective for BPO work of late. The triumph is primarily due to the route that there is a prepared availability of considerable measures of advantages acquainted with English and the consistent and persisting tries put in by the associations in India that do BPO work. Further, the way that Indians are general taught (by Asian models) and that there is a humungous arrangement of benefits who have graduated good to go and enhancement has intimated that the BPO story took off in right earnest in India. Added to this is the way that the demographics help India since a lions offer of its masses is lesser and under 30. This is the gathered demographic benefit wherein a country that is overwhelming obtains the tree become sustenances of having a work power which could be exploited. All these reasons have plotted to accomplish a steamed in the way the Indian BPO territory has performed. In any case, things are not all that hunky dory since various diverse countries in Asia seem, by all accounts, to be playing uncover up with Philippines climbing as a sensible elective to India. One of the reasons behind the fulfillment is that the payment differential that India had over the West is dissolving since the business is creating and thus wages of the workforce are going up. This suggests that other insignificant exertion adversaries like the Philippines can exploit the playing point that India as of recently had. Further, there is a certain level ofShow MoreRelatedIndi The Fastest Growing Segment Of The Ites1643 Words   |  7 PagesIndia, Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the fastest growing segment of the ITES (Information Technology Enabled Services) industry. Factors such as economy of scale, business risk mitigation, cost advantage; utilization improvement and superior competency have all lead to the growth of the Indian BPO industry. 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In the more mature outsourcing market of today, it is not simply the numbers of English-speaking engineers that has resulted in India being the destination of choice. Indian IT companies are offering more to customers, a wider range of services, more quality, more RD talent – and all of this at a lower price. Indian IT companiesRead MoreWhat ´s the Information Technology Industry? Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagestelephones. Several industry are associated with information technology, such as computerhardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer service. In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined informations technology as the study, designs, development, applications, implementation, support or managements of computer-based information system. 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There are more than a thousand unorganized players in the market who do not comply with any rules and regulations of the government or the industry associations like statutory regulations and insurance. This gives them the comparative advantage of providing the services at a lesser costs. The presence of the large unorganized market has fragmented the market and vitiated the pricing and markup techniquesRead MoreGlobal Business Environment8475 Words   |  34 Pages cartels and multinational trade negotiations. †¢ An international trading firm encounters three sets of environments, viz., the domestic environment, the foreign environment and the global environment. o An Indian firm which wants to do international trade is governed by Indian laws like the Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act, Foreign Exchange Management Act, etc. Some times there are also regulations like the minimum export price. Exports are also affected by the export promotion

Aristotle Critical Lens Free Essays

â€Å"Though we love both the truth and our friends, piety requires us to honor the truth first. † Often times in life, one is caught in a sticky situation. While morals and values and normally highly regarded, complications arise when friendships are involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle Critical Lens or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relationships are an essential part of existence, the emotional connections are often the ones that shape our lives.. One if often faced with the difficult toss up between doing what is right and doing what you want. It’s a balancing out between the loyalty to your friends and maintaining your morals. I agree with this quote because piety is the quality of being religious or reverent. In order to be religious one must follow a moral code and not put worldly relationships or emotions as higher priority than the truth. An example of the struggle to find the balance is displayed in After Twenty Years by O’ Henry and Lord of the Flies by William Golding. An example of this struggle is exemplified in â€Å"After Twenty Years† by O’Henry. Two friends separated by years, miles, and jaded by their experiences since the last time they’ve met, are scheduled to reunite and rekindle the friendship they once had. The way Bob describes their friendship it was almost as if they were blood brothers, bonded together so tightly it was as if they were family. He even refers to his old pal Jimmy as the â€Å"truest and stanchest old chap in the world. † This foreshadows that he was going to remain true to his morals as opposed to honoring the friendship. His diction and use of kind words describing his friend even after twenty years of absence really exemplifies the strength of their friendship. True friends are a constant in your life and even though they may not be physically present, they will always have a special place in your heart. Another example of the foreshadowing of what’s to come is the intrigue the police officer seems to have with the man’s story. He seems much to inquisitive to just be a random stranger. You can see that he is generally interested in what has happened since his friend departed, and just the mere fact that he was present where he said he would be 20 years prior shows the true and honest man he is. And yet, when given the choice between preserving the friendship so long in the making, and doing what is right and turning his old friend in for being a criminal, he, being a police officer understands the importance of abiding by the law and chooses to turn his friend in to the authorities. While this must have been a difficult choice, this is shown because he couldn’t even break the news to him himself and needed to deflect the position onto someone else, he did what he felt was right and lived according to Aristotle’s quote. In Lord of the Flies, Ralph represents the traditional government in society. He maintains order, preserves the dignity of the union, and attempts to preserve the traditions of his forefathers. A schism occurs in this allegory within the tribe with Jack leading half and Ralph leading the others. This is symbolic of mankind and how savagery and civilization exist in unity. When savagery threatens the way of things, many fear for their own lives and safety and begin to cross over to â€Å"the dark side†. When the tribal chants and Jack’s need to kill becomes apparent, this foreshadows the savage turn in which the book will take. At the end, all the characters have either perished in the fighting or followed Jack to preserve their own lives, all except Ralph. Though he lost many followers and his high ranking â€Å"popularity† within the group, he maintains his morals and ultimately does what he believes is right regardless of the consequences. While this may a controversial issue and falls into the abstract gray area as opposed to a clear cut black and white, it cannot be denied that these two men upholded their morals and did not compromise the lessons instilled in them. What is also evident is that these men did follow a moral code which would classify as being religious, or pious. Even today the struggle between doing what you want and what you need to do is seen in court cases where one does not want to incriminate a friend, or even in your everyday life where a student might witness their fellow classmate cheating. This brings us to the question: If put into the circumstance, which will you honor first, truth or friendship? How to cite Aristotle Critical Lens, Papers

The Future of Work-Toyota-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Toyota Motor Corporation. Answer: Report Scenario: Toyota motor Corporation (Toyota) was integrated in the year 1937 and since then has been conducting business within the automotive industry, however Toyota burst into scene in the year 1926. The company in the recent years has also been performing in the financial sector along with certain other industries. Toyota has grown enough, proven by the fact that its vehicles are being sold in around 190 countries. The main markets for its automobiles are North America, Europe, Asia and Japan. Toyota boasts of a diversified set of products for their target customers, which takes into account Toyota automobiles, Marine products, Lexus automobiles, Welcab series, spare parts, engines and other accessories (www.toyota-global.com 2017). Its Lexus series comprises of luxury sedans that are mainly for the richer section of the community. On the other hand, its Welcab series from the house of Toyota are being built or designed for the elderly people along with the people suffering from any sort of disabilities. The company is also in the habit of making yachts and other accessories required for the automobiles. This states that Toyota has been reaching a wider market segment and lessening the risks associated to the market through product diversification. Toyota makes use of strategies like low cost and differentiation in gaining a competitive advantage over their rivals in the industry of automotive (www.toyota-global.com 2017). Toyota is able to target a larger market for the fact that they manufacture something for everyone. Its four wheel drive trucks along with SUVs are mainly for outdoors or for the people living in regions that encounters severe conditions of weather. There are hybrid models like Prius for customers believing in eco-friendly products along with the standard generalized cars for regular use. It offers vehicles for all the price ranges, like low priced Toyota Corolla and the high priced luxury SUVs. Toyota presently focuses on two segmentation processes; one being demographic and the other psychographic segmentation. In case of demographic, Toyota has been targeting the size of the family with this segment taking in the upper middle high income group. For this section, Toyota manufactures cars like the Land Cruiser, Camry, and Parado, designed for the people who have the zeal and the purchasing power to buy these cars (Law 2017). In case of psychographic, Toyota targets the high income group who boasts a sporty attitude and is generally satisfied with cars like Toyota Fortuner and Toyota Altis Sport model. These cars help in developing and enlivening their passion and sense for sports. Technological unemployment: The influence of the automation technologies has been felt throughout the global economy. The number of industrial robots globally has augmented in rapid process over the past few years. The diminishing prices of the robots that has the ability in operating all day without disruption, makes them a cost-competitive factor with the human workforce. As these technologies are becoming cheaper along with being more capable and widespread, more applications of such sort would be found within an economy in the coming years. Technological unemployment outlines the structural unemployment wherein the economy structure alters with modification in the demand of manpower for the introduction of new machinery, technology that is time saving and developed production methods (David 2015). The modern trend towards an augmented automation curtails in part from the great recession, forcing many of the businesses to function with fewer number of workers. However, after the growth recommenced, businesses continued with their process of automation in their operations instead of hiring extra workers. This reverberate a trend among the technological companies that accepts enormous valuations with comparatively fewer workers. Experts have been disagreeing on the impact size that automation of technologies would be having on the workforce. While some have been warning of confounding unemployment, others have pointed out that technology might create job opportunities that would employ the workers once displaced. If automation technologies like the artificial intelligence and robots make jobs less protected, there needs to be ways of delivering benefits outside the employment factor. Technological unemployment in automotive industry: The automobile industry has been stated to be the pillar of the world economy, one of the key drivers of the macroeconomic development, solidity and technological encroachment in both the developed and the developing countries (Litman 2014). Automotive has been contributing to various key dimensions of the nation building process like creating government revenue, producing the economic development, encouraging the improvement of people and nurturing of the innovation and RD. Robots have begun taking over an assortment of functions from the human beings at the car plants in the emerging economies. Volkswagen has positioned 120 robots in one of its plants in Pune, India while Hyundai Motor India, a secondary body of the Korean car manufacturer has around 400 in its Chennai plant. The overall body shop, the majority of the paint shop along with the final assembly line parts are presently been automated. Robots have been performing a varied range from welding to the foundry process to the laser functions. Globally companies like Maruti Suzuki, Tata Motors and Royal Enfield have been augmenting the automation levels, especially in the section of body shop. In many of the ways, the ascendancy of the robots in the manufacturing of automobile was an inevitable factor. As cars are becoming more stylish, the process of manufacturing is becoming a complex affair. Factors like safety and quality have turned out to be much rigorous. Consumers have started becoming more sensitive and conscious about safety issues, demanding extra features but unwilling to negotiate in the price aspect. Manufacturers have been facing the challenge in providing products that are competitively priced related to safety and superiority, yet being suitably differentiating in meeting the consumer needs to a specific region. For keeping up with the rate, auto manufacturers had no choice but to opt for automation. The demand of automation has gone up for factors like sharp styling and convention of new materials for safety and crash needs (Walsh 2017). Some of this complex functions are not possible for humans to perform. The body equipments of the cars are going lighter with every passing day that signifies operations like welding needs greater accuracy for developing the cars stability at higher speeds. For a car body shell, welding at definite point is awfully difficult for the humans to reach into. Heinz Etzmuss, head of the manufacturing at Volkswagen stated that humanly it is not feasible to be precise in this process of in-line measurement. The solution for this is to turn to the arms of a robot, which escalated on the cameras of high-resolution, taking images from several angles and completing the task. Safety is another matter of concern. Jobs like roof laser welding are perilous for the human workforce. Robots have been assisting the car makers in reducing the wastage and saving of the costs. In the area of sealant application, only the correct material amount gets used as for automation. Carmakers have witnessed a 50 per cent reduction in the consumption of materials when they substituted the underbody appliance of sealer from human manual labor to automation. Hyundai, in Asia has been automating functions such as the sealer applications, operations related to pre-paint cleaning and loading of the panels of body. A programmed robot makes sure a pristine clean car through the exactness and repeatability factor. Replacing the humans in the plant areas have been saving money through reduction in climatic need and control for air current. However, according to Kearns of Ford, human interface is dependable, adaptive and adjoins the craftsmanship element to any finished creation. Even if the plants are being robotized, organizations would still require augmenting the technical ability of people. Despite many of its benefits, automation still remains a costly factor. Robots come at a costly rate, so many of the companies are not in much hurry in substituting their human labors though it is stated a robot can do the job of three technical workers. Robots might do the job of three technical workers, but these robots still needs to be maintained through the help of highly skilled labor force. Automation in Toyota: Since its inception, Toyota has been able to expand its business sphere in including the textile mechanism, equipments for material handling and solutions for logistics. In getting there Toyota implemented the theory of lean manufacturing, emphasizing on the value increase factor while diminishing the waste (Walsh 2017). It is the customer who decides what is important, which of the wastes is being identified as overproduction, defective parts and so on. Toyota has also been striving hard in ensuring that the skills of the workers are not being wasted at any point of time that would lessen their satisfaction level for the jobs in hand along with their motivation factor which would decrease their competence (Miller 2013). Integrating automation into the process of Toyota has guaranteed that the waste amount has diminished considerably. Since 1970s, Toyota has been developing industrial robots and initiating them in their manufacturing process for improving the quality factor and reducing costs. Robots are mainly used by Toyota in their process of welding, painting and assembling. The plant of Toyota car manufacturing amalgamates automated conducted tuggers and automated steered carts in extending their deal of lean manufacturing. This effective subassembly system of production facilitates the automatic vehicles in being directed through a traffic control system that investigates the location of all the vehicles in real time process. Once these products are being transported to drop-off sites, the parts supply robot processes in the workstations. Once they are being finished, a robot heaps a flow rack which is being picked up for an AGC in delivering to the next terminal to be fit in the vehicle body. The Toyota Automated Guided Container Transport System mechanize the transport work in storing yards and leverages the software technology in helping optimizing the operations of loading. It helps in lessening the idle time of container trailers and cranes, thus increasing the productivity. Frey and Osbornes Findings: In the year 2013, economist from Oxford Carl Frey along with an expert of Machine Learning Michael Osborne found that that the chances are high of engineers finding ways in automating 47 per cent of the jobs in the United States, and that too possibly within a decades time. The most significant factor about their findings was that unlike the prior revolutions in technology, this new one would have an impact on all the workers across the continuum, ranging from the white-collar jobs to the low-skilled ones. The probable scale of the disruption generated by the developments of technology, like the artificial intelligence, big data and machine learning requires the governments to thing profoundly on the ways they can help alleviate the risk and fully exploit the opportunities (Frey and Osborne 2017). Fred and Osborne has also argued the fact that these technological advancement, creative destruction like the technological unemployment resulting in workers seeking fresh jobs after being laid off, in all likelihood will increase that has been termed as capitalization consequence. The latter outcome refers to the growth enrichment factor and the job-creation effect of the technological advancements that on previous occasions have been actually outweighing the labor saving effect of technology (Bechtsis et al. 2017). Since the present speed with which the humans have been becoming probable obsolete is high and increasing all the time. An attempt for upgrading the skills and education might no longer be adequate to win Race Against the Machines. Toyotas take on automation and recent trends: Carmakers have been embracing automation and replacing the same with humans for years. However, Toyota is that one company that has been going slow on this matter. They have been consciously taking steps backward and replacing the automated machines in some of their factories in Japan and generating heavy lines of production of manual nature teamed with humans. The choice of Toyota has been stated as an unconventional one, the fact being Japan boasts the most number of industrial robots globally, having an estimated 3, 09,400 of them (Boenzi et al. 2015). Other than Japan, only South Korea has more ratio of robots as compared to humans. The present strategy of Toyota boasts of two key aspects. First, it desires to make sure that the workers fully appreciate the work they have been doing as an alternative of supplying parts into machines and being in helpless situation when the machine breaks down. Secondly, it indulges itself in figuring out the ways in making processes of higher quality and more effective in the long run. The organization worries about the fact that automation would signify the fact that Toyota has too many of the average skill workers and not enough masters and craftsmen. So far, people reinstating the robots at over 100 of the workspaces condensed waste in the crankshaft production by a margin of 10 per cent, assisting in shortening the line of production. Others have improved their axel production and cut down on costs for framework parts. According to Mitsuru Kawai, a project lead working for Toyota states that Toyota cannot simply depend on machines that are only good in repeating a task over and over again. He went on to add that for being the master of the machine, one needs to have the skill and required knowledge for teaching the machine. The manual lines of Toyota are a redeploy on Kaizen, or in other words continuous enhancement along with Monozukuri, which is fundamentally the art in giving good shape to things (Noble 2017). It is generally a process of re-commitment to the ideas of management at the back the decade old Toyota Production System. In one of their plants in Honsha, workers have been physically turning, slanting and hammering o f the metal into crankshafts- a procedure that was previously been automated. Toyota believes in the fact that machines have enormous ability in doing things and that too at low cost, however people having the required experience of conducting tasks themselves, brings craftsmanship, impending into the design development and being consistent on quality. Toyota has found out that the pursuit in reducing the human element can end up making the overall method less competent. The strategy of Toyota might come at the outlay of expansion. While approaching for more premeditated, manual manufacturing, Toyota is not structuring new factories for three long years, a drawback for Toyota in its endeavor in pushing for humans over robots (Mller, Vette and Scholer 2014). However in the battle between quality and quantity, humans would still top the group for the time being. Toyota is still the global leader in the segment of automaker in terms of sales. Smart organizations have been able to find that if they position effectiveness above the smooth organizational conversion, they may find their efforts for automation failing miserably in their process of improving the performance of companies. Time to Change: The real key for Toyota would be to enlarge a competitive advantage in the age of increasing automation, striking the precise balance between people and robots along with the evidence proliferate that is not essentially the automated factories that ascend to the top. At Toyota, craftsmen having adequate knowledge and skill were referred to as gods for their capability in making just anything from scrape (Drauz 2014). However, during the previous few years the firms did not aimed in increasing its celestial workmen and lessening the robotic labor in the longer run, but have done the opposite of that. In the recent years, a mounting chorale lauds the most recent iteration of automation and robots, however warns of the ever growing structural unemployment for technology. This reason of joblessness is not of recurring nature, but in the long-term, it would become endemic and would be hard to overturn. Toyota still hold on to the belief that people are still much essential in the industrial development. Companies need to understand that machines do not get better without the inventiveness of human beings, but even that obligation might not be lasting forever. Artificial intelligence is being pushed into sphere once aloof for human beings only. Leading car companies like Toyota have entirely automated their body and paint shops. These sort of jobs require replication and steady feature and often displays safety and ergonomic confronts. Working in these sort of areas would expose the workers to a multitude of chemicals of unhealthy nature, making these jobs the prototypical ones planne d for robots. On the other hand Toyota would do well to position its human workforce in handling the assembly lines which deals with various options on fresh models from elevation airbags for building in vacuum cleaners. For handling of the present day customized vehicles having 55,000 parts for the multiplicity of electronics and other whistles provided on autos, requiring the human workers elasticity that can regulate to the changing requirements and innovations without exclusive reprogramming. Toyota also needs to evaluate the cost it would incur in maintaining its human workforce and in maintaining the automated machines. For instance, one of Toyotas European auto plant have invested 7-8 million euros in technology that would mount the windshields of cars in the assembly line, substituting the people who once did the work. It has been found that the new machine has been consistent in pertaining to the holding of the windshields in place, but the maintenance cost and workers for handling such c omplicated technology is twice the people employed for establishing the windshields in the first place. The company needs to understand where to automate and where to do tasks manually in saving costs. The ITO framework of Toyota is stated to be one of the efficient ones in the industry of automobile. The process starts with the contribution and procurement of the ingredients of manufacturing. The input takes in the investment of capital and the procurement amount form suppliers. The process of output or as stated otherwise as the transfer is an implicit cylinder through which the overall development is being passed. References: Bechtsis, D., Tsolakis, N., Vlachos, D. and Iakovou, E., 2017. Sustainable supply chain management in the digitalisation era: The impact of Automated Guided Vehicles.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, pp.3970-3984. Boenzi, F., Mossa, G., Mummolo, G. and Romano, V.A., 2015. Workforce aging in production systems: modeling and performance evaluation.Procedia Engineering,100, pp.1108-1115. David, H., 2015. Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(3), pp.3-30. Drauz, R., 2014. Re-insourcing as a manufacturing-strategic option during a crisisCases from the automobile industry.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.346-353. Frey, C.B. and Osborne, M.A., 2017. The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation?.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,114, pp.254-280. Law, C.M., 2017.Restructuring the global automobile industry. Taylor Francis. Litman, T., 2014. Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions.Victoria Transport Policy Institute,28. Marchant, G.E., Stevens, Y.A. and Hennessy, J.M., 2014. Technology, unemployment policy options: Navigating the transition to a better world.Technology,24(1). Miller, K.W., 2013. Technology, Unemployment, and Power.IT Professional,15(6), pp.10-11. Mller, R., Vette, M. and Scholer, M., 2014. Inspector RobotA new collaborative testing system designed for the automotive final assembly line.Assembly Automation,34(4), pp.370-378. Noble, D., 2017.Forces of production: A social history of industrial automation. Routledge. References Toyota motor corporation global website. (2017).TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. [online] Available at: https://www.toyota-global.com/ [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Walsh, T., 2017. Expert and Non-Expert Opinion about Technological Unemployment.arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.06906.

9 Weird Careers You Can Pursue in the USA

9 Weird Careers You Can Pursue in the USA 9 Weird Careers You Can Pursue in the USA Maybe you picked your major to pursue a specific career, but most of us go into our college education with an â€Å"open mind† (i.e., not having thought it through). As a result, we have a world of professional possibilities open to us. And though you might eventually opt for something conventional, it’s worth at least considering some more unusual options. Take this list of ten weird careers, for instance†¦ 1. Snake Milker Snake milkers have the peculiar job of squeezing the faces of deadly snakes, thereby extracting the venom for use in antivenoms. Although this is laudable, especially if you live in snake country, we can’t get past the fact that it involves putting your hands into the bitey bit of a venomous reptile. Not for the fainthearted. Theres nothing quite as refreshing as a cold glass of snake milk. [Photo: Barry Rogge] 2. Iceberg Wrangler Speaking of bravery, how do you fancy going toe-to-toe with an iceberg? That’s what the men and women of the International Ice Patrol do, patrolling the North Atlantic on the lookout for rogue chunks of ice! 3. Canine Surfboard Instructor While the International Ice Patrol focuses on keeping our coastal waters free from icebergs, others are working hard to fill them with surfboarding canines. Do the dogs get any say in it, though? Well leave you to judge how enthusiastic this guy feels about riding the waves. [Photo: Mike Baird] 4. Feeling Strangers’ Faces If you’re the kind of tactile person who instantly hugs strangers, why not put these skills to use as a professional â€Å"face feeler†? Otherwise known by the less-creepy term â€Å"sensory scientists,† face feelers run their highly-sensitive digits over people’s faces to test the effects of new cosmetic products. 5. Snuggling And if face feeling doesn’t satisfy your need for intimacy with strangers, you could always become a professional snuggler (don’t worry: it’s strictly platonic). 6. Dog Food Tester Maybe you think forcing dogs onto surfboards is cruel and want to do something to improve the lives of man’s best friend? How about testing their disgusting food? Yummy. The real question, of course, is why dog food manufacturers need professional testers when they cater for an animal that will happily eat its own vomit. Hungry yet? [Photo: NekoJaNekoJa] 7. Lip Reader (Sort Of) Nope, not the useful kind that interprets speech from watching lip movements alone. We’re talking about lipstick readers, who claim to tell your fortune based on the mark left by your lips. Like a palm reader, but with lips. Were sure theyre completely legit. Ahem. 8. Baby Name Consultant Picking a name for your child is a big decision, so why not get third-party advice? If you do follow this career path, please promise not to use your powers for evil by telling credulous parents-to-be that â€Å"Anusol† is a perfectly acceptable name for a girl. 9. Chicken Sexer Not quite as horrific as it sounds, but it does involve checking the sex of thousands of hatchling chicks in quick succession to divide them into males and females. So definitely a specialist interest.

The Truth about the Drug Companies By Marcia Angell Essays

The Truth about the Drug Companies By Marcia Angell Essays The Truth about the Drug Companies By Marcia Angell Paper The Truth about the Drug Companies By Marcia Angell Paper Americans every day are subjected to a bombardment of advertising by various pharmaceutical companies. The advertisement is mixed in with different pitches for a drug showing beautiful people who are enjoying in the outdoors is the main message. Coming down to the essential and this is what is said: Prescription drugs are very costly but that shows how precious they are. The Research and Development costs are huge and companies need to cover them in some way. Research based companies tend to turn out a stream of innovative medicines which enhance its quality, averts more expensive medical care and extends life. People are the beneficiaries of the achievement of the American free enterprise system so we should all be grateful, and stop whining and pay for the drug. The industry says that you get what you pay for. Prescription drugs cost are very much high and rising fast. Americans spend around $200 billion a year on prescription drugs and the figure is growing at a rate of 12% a year. The fastest growing parts of a health care bill are Drugs which are also rising at a fast rate. The increase spending on drugs show that people are taking a lot more drugs than they used to. The prices of those drugs are frequently increased sometimes several times a year. Before its copyright ran out, the price of Schering Plough’s allergy pill, Claritin was increase about twelve times in a time span of five years for a total increase of more than fifty percent. Poor people are not the only one having a problem paying for the prescription drugs. Health care is shrinking due to the struggling economy. Employers want workers to pay more for the cost themselves and many organizations are decreasing health benefits. As the costs of prescription drugs are increasing so fast, payers are eager to get out from under them and shifting the cost to the individuals. The end result is that more and more people pay a larger fraction of their drug bills out of their own pocket and that is way too costly. Many people cannot pay so much. They tend to trade of drugs against food or home heating. Some people take them less often than it is prescribed or share them with a family member. Some who are too embarrassed to admit that they cannot afford to pay leave the doctors office with prescription in their hand and not getting it filled. These patients go without the treatment needed and sometimes their doctors wrongly conclude that the drugs they were given haven’t worked prescribed by other which complicates the problem. Elderly people get hurt the most. When Medicare was ratified in 1965, people took less prescription drugs. No one thought it is important to include an out patient prescription drug advantage in the program. Senior citizens could also buy the drugs which they needed. Around two thirds of the elderly people had additional insurance which covered prescription drugs but that percentage is decreasing as insurers and employers decided that they suffer from it. A medical reform bill was passed by Congress at the end of 2003 which included a prescription drug benefit which was to begin in 2006, but its benefits are insufficient to being with and will rapidly be taken over by administrative costs and rising prices. For apparent reason elderly people need more drugs than younger one. In 2001, around one in four elderly people reported that they do not take regular does or do not fill prescription because of the costs. The frailest are least likely to have a supplementary insurance. An average cost of $1500 a year for a drug, a person without an additional insurance who take different prescription drugs would need to spend around $9000 out of his own pocket. Not many people have such deep pockets. In one of the more wicked practices of the pharmaceutical practices, prices are higher for the people who mostly need the drug and can least afford them. The pharmaceutical industry charges the Medicare recipients more than its favored customers such as Veterans affairs system or HMO’s as the latter buy the drugs in a bulk quantity and they can bargain for rebates or discounts. People who do not have insurance have any bargaining power and therefore pay the high prices. In the last two years, people have started resisting to the increasing prices and other practices of the industry. Because of this resistance, drug companies are now covering us with different public relations messages which include the magic words like innovation, research and American. While the expression is inspiring, it has little to do with reality. Research and Development is a small part of a company’s budget. Year after year for over twenty years this industry has been the most profitable in the United States. The price drug companies’ charges have a minute relationship to the cost of making drugs and can cut them with coming close to threatening Research and Development. Secondly pharmaceutical industry is not innovative. It is hard to believe only a few important drugs have been brought into the market in the past years and they were mostly based on tax payer funded research at small biotechnology companies, National institute of Health or at academic institutions. Majority of the new drugs are not new but variations of older drugs. These are known as me too drugs. The main idea is to have a share of the lucrative market by manufacturing something similar to a top selling drug. For example there are six drugs in the market, Mevacor, Zecor, Pravachol, Lipitor, Crestor and Lescol which controls cholesterol and copies of the first. Finally the industry is hardly a model of the American free enterprise. It is free to decide which drugs to produce and it is totally free to price them as high as the public can bear and are totally dependent on the government granted monopoly in the form of Food and Drug administration’s approved marketing rights. It is not particularly innovative in making new drugs but it is aggressive and highly innovative. As America is a main profit center, it is good public relations for the companies to show themselves as American they are or not. It is true that some European companies are starting their R D operation in America. They say that the main reason behind it is that United States does not regulate prices as much of the world does. Drugs which are less profitable and which fight against tuberculosis and malaria tend to receive less attention. George Bush who is friendly to the big pharmaceutical industries refused to allow the promised $15 billion in funds allotted for HIV treatment in the Third world to be spent on common drugs. Among the many tricks exposed are the huge pharmaceuticals use of contract research organizations to apply excessive influence on clinical research and its sinister seduction of doctors. Drug companies in 2001 gave doctors nearly $11 billion worth of free samples. Along with that they gave other incentives to the doctors. In the final chapter of the book, there are seven important reforms, chief of which is for the Food and Drug Administration to compare new drugs with old drugs to see if there are additional benefits. The main goal of Angell is that people can get good drugs at a reasonable price and this require pressure from the public so that the government may take necessary action against the pharmaceutical companies. She performs an important public service in focusing on the drug companies and their dishonesty. The improvement of Pharmaceutical companies start with the outcry of the public against the abuses she showed in the book. She says that doctors should stand by their patients and not their pockets. Personal Opinion There is a significant problem in the United States about the financial conflict of interest in the clinical drug trials. It tends to affect millions of people those who are subjects in drug trials and those who use the drugs. The drug companies frequently control the date which is collected in the drug trials. The university scientists even are not provided with the whole data. Big companies tend to publish data which is favorable to their product which holding back the unfavorable data. In the case of Dr James O Kahn who published a journal article in which he concluded that a vaccine for AIDS did not help the patients. Dr Kahn was not given the data he required. But still he managed to publish the study. The company started a legal action against Dr Kahn and its employer, the University of California worth $ 7 Million. If such things happen very few researchers will have the courage to stand up to the companies. Pharmaceutical companies design their own studies to make their drug look more effective than they really are. Patients tend to suffer from the studies that offer incomplete or false information including the information about the doctors financial relations to the company. There is a need for improvement with the clinical drug trial process where there must be some other party testing the drugs. Scientists outside the company should have the final say on the drug trials. All the data should be available to the project investigators and to the public, press and who ever needs it. All financial relations to the companies should be made public. People need more information and more safety. The time is right for the nation’s medical centers, medical journals, FDA (food and drug administration), universities, medical journals and National institute of Health to come together and tell lawmakers to take back the rules under which the medical products are approved and tested. Bibliography The Truth about the Drug Companies` by Marcia Angell Publisher Random House; 1 edition (August 24, 2004)

Public Relation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Relation - Assignment Example public relations can be done through compiling of distributed messages and their placement in the media by simply counting how many featured stories, news releases, letters, and photos are produced in a given duration of time. Another way of measuring the efforts of public relations is the measurement of changes in opinions, attitude and behavior, which can be considered as measurement of the effectiveness of public relations but requires interpretation as it can always be subjective. The efforts of public relations can also be measured through tracking of social content such as news sites, wikis, blogs and social networking sites, so as to determine the sentiments and volume of online conversations about a certain topic or brand. Advertising is not that much different from public relations but only with one major difference, advertising is paid media while public relations earned media. This means that ‘an individual or a company can choose to pay for advertisement or you can choose to market your product in the newspapers, websites or magazines and wait for the product to promote itself’ (Tymorek, 2010). With public relations, there is more credibility of the product due to verification by a third party while advertisement the credibility of a product is

The U.S Constitution and the Bill of Rights Research Paper

The U.S Constitution and the Bill of Rights - Research Paper Example Initiatives for the Constitution In 1787, on May 14, the Federal Convention assembled in the Independence Hall in Philadelphia in order to revise the articles of confederation. Since the delegates were in a minority meeting was adjourned for a day awaiting the arrival of the rest of the states. This adjourning continued for eleven days when on May 25 seven states joined in with the delegation for the purpose of taking a mutual decision (World Digital Library, 2012). However, the debates continued between the states until mid of June that the jury reached a conclusion that the terms could not be amended rather it called for a fresh effort and a total change in the articles of confederation. Thus, the first mutual decision between the gathered delegates was to draft a new structure in order to give a direction to the government (World Digital Library, 2012). After continuous secret debates among the delegates, a constitution was proposed and submitted to the state for an approval. Alth ough the vote was sealed in some states, the constitution was finally sanctioned. A new Federal government came into existence in 1789. In accord with the constitution the government was established that exists till to date in the U.S. The Bill of Rights During the debates for the constitution the delegates constantly mentioned that there should be a law that would protect the citizens against violation of rights. The opposition party argued that if the constitution was established without considering the citizens it will become a tyrannical rule by the central government. During the revolution, the British had violated the civil rights. This was a fresh memory for the opposition party and a mitigating factor that brought the Bill of Rights into existence. In accord with the arguments of the opposition party, there should be rules that were required to be spelled out in order to protect the citizens against any violation of rights (The Charters of Freedom, 2012). Nevertheless, on Se ptember 25, 1789, the Congress of United States proposed to the State legislatures 12 amendments to the constitution. These amendments were deduced after the argument by the opposition party. Bearing in mind the argument of the opposition the Congress deduced amendments; these considered the representation of the constituents and the compensation of the congressmen. Thus, in order to guard the rights of the citizens, George Mason had composed the Declaration of Rights, which was approved by the Virginia assembly on June 12, 1776. However, on June 8, 1789, James Madison of Virginia presented amendments to the Constitution. The Federalists honored their word and on September 25, 1789, the First Federal Congress of the United States approved twelve amendments to the Constitution to be submitted to the states for ratification. Today the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights (The Charters of Freedom, 2012; The U.S. Bill of Rights, 2012).

Free topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Free topic - Research Paper Example According to Ferraro and Andreatta, systems of arranged marriages assist to maintain the caste system, while the fathers have a role to marry off their daughters before puberty (214). The variation of social ranks affects the stability and formation of long lasting relationships intended between the betrothed couple. Even though the couple may identify each other early enough, the social status matters and has to be considered by the brides’ family. Most women in the Indian modern society are trying to change the tradition, by involving their free choice of marriage partners based on educational influence. Despite the education level, there has been little effort made in relation to reducing early marriages after increasing education (â€Å"Dommaraju,† cairn.info). The Mahabharata teaching from Yayati story, expresses how Yayati had declined to marry Davayani, since he knew they both belonged to different ranks. Yayati found it unworthy for him to marry a high rank woma n from a Brahmin royalty. The cultural approval of men in the Indian society relates with how Yayati waited for Devayani’s father’s blessing to his marriage. ... According to Thurston, southern Indians superstitions that involve a quivering feeling in the right arm are meant to symbolize a marriage union, with a beautiful lady as some good luck (Gutenberg.org). In the event of a throb or shake of a body part, such an occurrence is identified with a happening and the individuals should be careful to know the next step to take if it was a bad or good sign. This is a body language among the people of India that has been passed from down to the modern generation. Divayani was pulled from the well by the right hand of Yayati, which may have caused a shake on her body. Indian men have to be keen when using their right hands, to avoid extending a burden of marriage on their part. While it may happen, some men and women may feel lucky for having identified a woman of their life based on their traditional cultures. You will find that there is limited shaking of hands in formal and informal gatherings at a public domain, between men and women, even if they are married (Bisht 181). This is probably one of the reasons for young individuals’ disengagement within young individuals, besides an act of showing respect. On the contrary, (Bisht 181) mentions that members of the same sex, like male to male would be free to express their friendship even if it meant walking arm in arm. Women as tempting beings: for a long time the women in the Indian society are considered to be immoral beings, with an ability to seduce men into immoral conduct that the society disassociates from. Women are therefore married at an early age so as to prevent them from engaging into dissolute behaviors. Following Ferraro and Andreatta’s statement, women in Hindu society have for centuries been viewed as lustful beings, who would do any thing to tempt

Educating Youth in Developing Countries

Educating Youth in Developing Countries John W. Gardner, former United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare stated: Much education today is monumentally ineffective. All too often we are giving young people cut flowers when we should be teaching them to grow their own plants (http://thinkexist.com/quotes/john_w._gardner/). Gardners statement expresses the necessity to educate children thoroughly by providing them with skills to harvest their own self-improvement. These skills include leadership, teamwork, confidence and responsibility. Many worldwide organizations focus on youth development through education. Children are the generation most capable of carrying out positive changes such as peace, development, and equity, due to time and materials being in their favor. When youth are given the means to educate themselves and acquire leadership skills, they are provided with an opportunity to make a positive contribution to their global society. Programs that focus on youth education and development through organized activity are popular in developed and developing countries. Organizations range from summer camps to after school programs to international teaching initiatives. I work for an organization called Youth Leadership Camps Canada that specializes in working with children ages 5-18 in an outdoor recreational environment to aid in their leadership development. Our staff is trained in various recreation techniques including games facilitation, high ropes and waterfront activities, teamwork initiative tasks, and reflection in order to effectively convey important leadership and self-improvement techniques to children and teens. Through working at YLCC, I have discovered that play is an effective way to teach leadership skills in a practical and engaging manner. Children absorb concepts quickly through experience, and active learning helps them gain the confidence to lead among their peers when given the opportunity. I have seen positive results and growth in children and teens that are vision impaired, children with mental development issues, children who are labeled at risk and children who are labeled average and above average in their development. My experience working at YLCC has fueled my curiosity to discover similar programs and research their methods and levels of success. This research paper will explore factors influencing the need for development among third-world youth; recreational education as a proven method of equipping youth with essential skills; programs that educate youth through activity, and criticisms of such programs. Factors Influencing the Need for Youth Development When discussing the importance of rehabilitating and teaching youth, it is necessary to evaluate their living conditions and the factors that influence their need for development. Many children in developing countries live in undesirable conditions, suffering poverty and starvation, low success in school, and negligence from parents. Michael Justesen and Dorte Verners book titled Factors Impacting Youth Development in Haiti discusses the state of matters among Haitian youth: A series of factors predisposes a large proportion of youth to poverty, school dropout, 3 unemployment, early sexual initiation, teen pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, sexual and physical abuse, crime and violence, substance abuse and drug dealing, and social exclusion (Justesen, M; Verner, D. 2007:3). Determining the factors that propel youth to unhealthy and unfulfilling conditions allows one to begin to develop a solution to the problem. According to Justesen and Verner, the sources of youth development hindrances are rooted in several aspects: In many households absence of the father or both parents, drug abuse, pressure for female adolescents to bear children, and domestic violence contribute to the challenges young people face on a daily basis (2007:3). Addressing and understanding these factors and their sources is necessary if one has the intention to work with youth and help them to work toward self-improvement. The World Banks Country Study titled Caribbean Youth Development discusses three factors contributing to the need for youth development: individual characteristics, microenvironment, and macro environment. (The World Bank. 2003: 28-42) Individual characteristics refer to the character and qualities of the person in question. For example, the study refers to the levels of self-esteem and feelings of rage among youth in the Caribbean (2003: 28). Youth who experience rage are more likely to engage in crime and violence, or use drugs, alcohol and tobacco. (2003: 28) More than half of children who display rage-like behavior in the Caribbean have been either sexually or physically abused (2003: 29). Microenvironment and macro environment refer to factors such as parental and 4 community influence, and economic situations and position in society, respectively. (2003: 30, 37) Institutions and individuals with whom youth make contact are very powerful influences in their lives (2003: 35). Direct connection with members of their microenvironment can play a role in a youths development, and the individual demeanor they will adopt. Macro environment concerns itself with factors that determine a persons circumstance, such as gender or economic situation (2003: 37). The three aforementioned factors cover varying aspects of a youths life, addressing elements both within and beyond an individuals control. Despite records that certain factors lead to disagreeable living conditions, hope remains that Haitian youth, and others to follow, will rise above their troubles and work as leaders, if given the proper direction: Haitis history, combined with the countrys social and poverty indicators, show that youth should be seen not as a problem, but as a product of the family and community environment and therefore should be treated as a potential solution to Haitis development challenges (2007: 3), This statement advocates the idea of developing youth through education and leadership, allowing them to be agents of change in their own lives and in their communities. Recreation and Youth: Connections and Results People have participated in sport and recreation for hundreds of years, from simple game play in the schoolyard, to worldwide Olympic events. According to Martha Ewings article, The Role of Sports in Youth Development, Children learn 5 moral behaviour from engaging with others, watching the behaviour of others, and/or being taught ethical behaviour (Ewing, M.E et al. 2002:37). In this sense, ethical behaviour can be acquired through active learning in an interactive team environment. Ewings article suggests that youth can learn moral behaviour and build character through participation in sport. Specifically, Ewing mentions that in studying children and their participation in physical education, it has been proposed that children (a) develop physical skillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(b) improve fitness; (c) learn social and emotional skills; (d) develop moral values; and (e) acquire a better sense of self through increased perceived competence, self-esteem and self-confidence (2002: 31). The essential skills gained from participation in sport work as an agent toward youth development and provide a solution from troublesome conditions. Through sports and team activities, children learn self-sufficiency, co-operation, and begin t o believe that they are capable of being leaders. Recreational programs are sometimes government funded and provided within schools, while others are non-governmental and extra-curricular, such as summer camp. Camp is often presented in the media as simply a place for children to have fun in the outdoors. However, summer camp provides youth with an opportunity to extend their personal boundaries, be active, make connections, and gain confidence through learning new skills and interacting with others. Christopher Thurbers study Youth Development Outcomes of the Camp Experience: Evidence for 6 Multidimensional Growth discusses the technique for youth development used by summer camps: Promoting the healthy development of young people adheres to two complementary theoretical orientations. Prevention Science (e.g., Greenberg et al., 2003; Nation et al., 2003) aims to identify at-risk populations and alter individual characteristics that are precursors to unhealthy behaviors, such as school failure, drug use, and violence. Positive Youth Development (e.g., Catalano, Berglund, Ryan, Lonczak, and Hawkins, 2002; Larson, 2000) also seeks to reduce unhealthy behaviors, but by fostering the individual, social, and environmental characteristics-such as positive identity, social competence, and independence-that promote healthy development. Viewing young people as assets rather than liabilities also reflects the trend toward studying positive psychology and resiliency (e.g., Seligman, 2003; Werner and Smith, 2001), rather than focusing narrowly on pathology and risk (Thurber, C.A, et al. 2006: 241). According to this study, summer camps break their education methods down into two categories. They evaluate not only the factors contributing to the need for development, but focus on methods of fostering healthy development in a positive manner. The harmony of discovering the origins of the problem with the process of intently working toward improvement and learning has proven to be successful: (Researchers have) focused on children with identified problems, including emotional disturbances (Byers, 1979; Durkin, 1988, 1993), learning disabilities and social skills deficits 7 (see Mishna, Michalski, and Cummings, 2001, for a review), family dysfunction (Lewicki, Goyett, and Marr, 1996), chronic medical conditions (e.g., Zimmerman, Carter, Sears, and Lawson, 1987), delinquency (e.g., Castellano and Soderstrom, 1992), and gang involvement (Harris, Fried, and Arana, 1995). Results of these studies all support the conclusion that camp promotes childrens health and development and reduces the recurrence of referral problems. Summer camps and physical education are proven methods of guidance for youth in an active environment. The techniques used to increase a childs mental and physical health through activity can be used effectively to aid youth in developing countries to gain confidence and leadership skills. Programs Specializing in Recreational Education in Developing Countries Many organizations have taken notice of the positive results that come from youth participation in organized activity. Programs such a Right to Play and OA Projects focus on providing children with essential skills through engagement in team sports such as soccer. UNICEFs Peace Education program facilitates various workshops for school-aged youth, intending to teach qualities such as empathy, tolerance, communication, and co-operation (Fountain, S. 1999: 17). Susan Fountains article discussing training methods by UNICEF describes peace education among the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values required to live and work in dignity (1999:1). Specifically, sport and physical education have been used in Rwandan schools as a vehicle for developing skills and attitudes of peace 8 (1999:17). Training youth to work together as members of a team is a common goal among activity based NGOs like Right to Play and OA Projects. Right to Play is based on the guiding principle of inclusion, hoping to promote the involvement and acceptance of youth who are marginalized for various reasons, including gender, disability, and background (At a Glance, 2009: 1). Right to Play also focuses on reintegrating youth affected by conflict into society; health promotion and disease prevention education; basic cognitive development and partnership with local community leaders and coaches to ensure individual as well as community development (At a Glance, 2009: 1) Similarly, OA Projects partners with local programs focused on promoting peace and rebuilding communities (www.oaprojects.org. About.) Interaction with the project country contributes to the organizations authenticity. The Outcome: Results and Critiques Nearly every effort to aid in developing countries provokes critiques questioning its integrity and authenticity. One might question whether a child can actually grow and receive essential skills from play. While leadership skills are important, do these programs provide youth with the opportunities to exercise them fully, and enough to make changes in their lives and in their communities? Cora Burnetts Sports-for-Development Approaches in the South African Context: A Case Study Analysis looks at sports in the school, community clubs, and South Africas Youth Development through Football (YDF) program. In her conclusion she suggests, the emphasis of 9 traditional male sports such as rugby, cricket and football, inevitably limited the opportunities for equitable gender participation (YEAR: 38). While Burnetts critique states that inclusion of members of the community created mass participation at the school level and afforded many rural learners the opportunity to participate in a variety of sports (year: 39), focus lacked in addressing contextual priorities and appropriate needs-based education and training toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ creat(e) career pathways or enhanc(e) the employability status (with reference to the school sport assistants and contract workers) of vulnerable populations (year: 39). Burnetts critiques address concerns that many inevitably share, questioning whether the outcome of activity-based programs is worth the means to present them. Conclusion It goes without saying that every child deserves to enjoy life and feel the joy that comes with playing and being active. Programs that offer children an opportunity to grow through activity not only intend to expose war-affected youth to an experience of fun, but through the fun experience, show children how to work together, lead and take initiative. Whether in Canada or in the third-world, physical activity is proven to increase fitness, confidence, and teamwork and communication skills. It is questionable whether sports and activity-based programs have a consistently favorable outcome as providers of better opportunities for youth. However, it is undeniable that the end result of joy and confidence for a child is worthwhile. Children in developing countries deserve a childhood just as much as children in 10 developed countries do. Through organized activity and sport, children are given the opportunity to play and laugh, while learning valuable team and leadership skills. Sports-based programs are not designed to pave the pathway of a better future for third-world youth, but rather to provide them with the confidence and skills to consider their pathways, and equip themselves to think critically about the pathways they are on.

Use of Minor Characters in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- To Kill a Moc

In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, a range of both major and minor characters which are portrayed with varying personalities. These character's interactions help to explain the issues that this text is concerned with. In the novel, the protagonist, Atticus Finch, is a defence lawyer who is appointed to represent a black man, Tom Robinson, who is charged with raping a white woman. The novel is set during the 1930s in America, which was when segregation of blacks and whites was well manifested into the society of those days. A black person had no right to defend himself if accused of a crime by white men. The author depicted several minor characters which helped to build up and expose the personality of the text's protagonist, Atticus Finch. Tom Robinson is a minor character who is black and accused of raping a white woman, Mayella Ewell. Tom Robinson symbolizes a mockingbird which does not harm any people but is accused of an uncommitted crime. Atticus Finch is appointed to defend Tom Robinson. The portrayal of Tom Robinson in the text helped me understand the char...

Educational Research Methods Essay

It is the research method conducted by subject teachers, course teachers and other schools staff side by side with their teaching. It is becoming increasingly popular as it encouragers to evaluate new methods in their work and study which is highly acceptable by all. It is the methods by which change can be noted and helps in understand the reaction of at one time, with action and critical reflection taking place. It is special type of research in education which mostly emphasize on continuous improvement in the field of teaching. There are three main goals of action research such as improvement of practice through continuous learning and problem solving, deep understanding of practice and development of action, improvement in the community through research. This research helps to gather detail information about the organization, vision and insight, a quest of new knowledge, a desired of improved performance, a self- reflective activity and willingness of effect change. It is basically conducted to discover plan for innovation and their successful implementation. It provides practical way of looking at owns work to check its efficiency of work. The Action Research is used to determine efficiency of study material, teaching techniques, classroom response and with their interest. There are numbers of outcomes of implementation of action research. Such as: †¢ Greater risk taking among the students and teachers helps them to identify new ways in their system. †¢ Comfort with inquiry and exploration creates increase comfort among the students. †¢ Greater direction in exploration helps to draw innovative techniques. Improved and broader questioning increases interest in the study of their subjects. †¢ Evidence of student self- evaluation can be immediately ascertained with the teaching in the class. †¢ Improved and extended science writing is the result of action research which helps tom explores their writing skills. †¢ Greater and broader interest in science is possible with the initiative of action research. The research results in increase in student interest, risk taking, questioning ability and comfort with teaching. For e. g.  If the teacher or researcher is worried or not satisfied with the current mind status of students or they are not doing well in class then the first question which arise in the mind of researcher is how to satisfy the need of all the students. So numbers of steps of action research can be adopted by the teacher to outcome result. Especial emphasis is made on listening to students and to better understand their needs. Then consideration should be given to set up community circle to listen to students describing learning experiences in classroom and helps to redesign strategies. During the course of listening researcher can discover information that focus on satisfaction of different user at a time. In other e. g. In an organization where peoples of diverse field are working requires more coordination. With the help of action research current problem â€Å"poor coordination† si ascertained. So after deep research and enquiry the researcher evolve new solution to problem such as creating database for storing and sharing and documents. They main Question which lies with the researcher is how to create healthy and fruitful relationship to increase coordination among them. The next step which is adopted by researcher is what kind of tactic to be employed to get the desired result. After integrating with all the employees at various stages and their suggestion which action is to be taken to increase coordination? Action Research helps in better understanding the situation being studied and also of participants directly involved in the process. This is considered vital in all the sphere as it generate collective action as well as develops participants skills through â€Å"learning by doing† to promote their self reliance. So, it can be said that action research provides opportunity for professional growth of researchers, to improve their practice, to examine findings in their own context. Action Research creates a sense of responsibility, development and improvement on the teacher and classroom. Builds up morale, and encourages collegial interactions.

Basic Information About Adult Education

Basic Information About Adult Education With so  many adults  returning to the classroom, the term adult education has taken on new meanings. Adult education, in the broadest sense, is any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling that ends in their 20s. In the narrowest sense, adult education is about literacy- adults learning to read the most basic materials. Thus, adult education encompasses everything from basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner and the attainment of advanced degrees. Andragogy and Pedagogy Andragogy is defined as the art and science of helping adults learn. Its distinguished from pedagogy,  the school-based education  traditionally used for children. Education for adults has a different focus, based on the fact that adults are: More self-directed and require less guidanceMature and bring more experience to the task of learningReady to learn and primed to learn what they need to knowMore oriented to learning that is problem-centered rather than subject-centeredMore internally motivated to learn Functional Literacy One of the primary goals of adult education is functional literacy. Organizations like the U.S. Department of Education and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) work tirelessly to measure, understand, and address adult illiteracy in the U.S. and around the world. Only through adult education can we address the real problems of society- like power sharing, wealth creation, gender and health issues. said Adama Ouane, director of the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. The programs of the Division of Adult Education and Literacy (part of the U.S. Department of Education) focus on addressing basic skills such as reading, writing, math, English language competency, and problem-solving. The goal is for American adults get the basic skills they need to be productive workers, family members, and citizens. Adult Basic Education In the U.S., each state is responsible for addressing the basic education of their citizens. Official state websites direct people to classes, programs, and organizations designed to teach adults how to read prose, documents like maps and catalogs, and how to make simple computations. Getting a GED Adults who complete basic adult education have the opportunity to earn the equivalent of a high school diploma by taking the General Educational Development, or GED, test. The test, available to citizens who have not graduated from high school, gives them the chance to demonstrate the level of achievement normally achieved by completing a course of study in high school. GED prep resources abound online and in classrooms around the country, designed to help students prepare for the five-part exam. The GED comprehensive exams cover writing, science, social studies, math, arts and interpreting literature. Adult Education and Continuing Education Adult education is synonymous with continuing education. The world of lifelong learning is wide open and covers a variety of circumstances including: Going to college for the first time after age 25Returning to college to finish a degreeWorking toward a graduate degreeLearning a technical skillEarning CEUs for professional certificationTaking classes at your local community center for the sheer fun of it

Utilitarianism and Abortion

Utilitarianism and Abortion Free Online Research Papers The debate over abortion usually focuses on politics and law and the most frequently asked question tends to be whether or not abortion should be outlawed or continue to be allowed at the discretion of each individual. Behind these debates are the most basic of ethical questions which do not always receive the attention they may deserve. There are many opinions on this topic, however, a good place to start is whether or not law has the authority to rule over morality and whether the laws that we have now bring enough attention to the moral value of abortion. Along with these concepts abortion can also be viewed through the eyes of the utilitarian approach to ethics which focuses on both pleasure and pain and the ability to maximize pleasure over pain. To do so we must first know exactly what abortion is and then must also have a broad definition of what the utilitarian theory encompasses. Abortion by definition is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus resulting in its death. The utilitarian theory by definition focuses on the rightness or wrongness of the act in question and its effects on a community as a whole (Katz, 2004). Viewing abortion through the utilitarian approach, theorists would want to distinguish between the possibility of pleasure and pain instances of abortion over the amounts of pleasure and pain when abortion is not the option. Most would think that the best place to begin this discussion would be from the prospects of the fetus itself however, that is not always the case. The first thing to consider is that through abortion and the stopping of the fetus’s life the fetus can be said to have any possible pleasure taken away from it. Secondly, no one knows for sure what level of pain is inflicted through the procedure, especially in the later stages of pregnancy. Unfortunately, this focus seems to be unjustified because many say that the abortion could have been done earlier and with less invasive techniques. The problem with both of these possibilities is that who determines the amount of pain inflicted? Usually adults in experimental settings so then the question that follows must be how can adults know how an unborn fetus itself will feel? Another consideration would have to be that the life of the unborn fetus would promote a much greater amount of happiness over pain. Again no one knows exactly what the future may hold, but it is very likely that these individuals, who are essentially put to death against their will, have a very happy life. This, however, cannot happen once an abortion has taken place because any chance for the fetus to experience happiness in any form has been removed. The possibilities of pleasure over pain for an unborn fetus later in life must be thoroughly considered when applying the utilitarian method to the process of abortion. The third group that must be accounted for are the parents and extended family of the unborn child. Those who intend on having a child are doing so under careful consideration and thus happiness should prevail. To the opposite of this are those who are pregnant with an unwanted child that may feel grief and are more than likely to become unhappy and even depressed from the birth of this child. This may result from financial issues or just the general unpreparedness to having a child that is not wanted. The parents and extended family are also a component of abortion that must be considered under the utilitarian method of ethics. Since the utilitarian theory focuses much of its strength on the effects individual’s acts play amongst the community rather than on the individual, much of the issue of abortion lies on its effects on a population. This is important because if a population would have to consist of a â€Å"perfect† size then it is abundantly clear that the possibility of new population (births) will be hindered in an area of consistent population while areas with underdeveloped population will be allowed to reproduce. In this way those overdeveloped areas will require abortion as a way to control the population while the underdeveloped areas will be strictly against abortion so that their population can flourish. To take this method even farther there are two very different rules that are provided by this method those being Rule and Act utilitarian. Rule utilitarian’s are more formula oriented and superficial and focus on behavioral codes or rules that are based on societal practices and institutions (Waller, 2008). This principle can be said to be a test for the morality of a moral rule and does not pertain to the action itself. An example of this is the concept â€Å"stealing is wrong†. This rule will allow for more positive then negativities to come from all of those who follow it. Rule utilitarianism then becomes a method for judging various behaviors. Rule utilitarianism allows abortion to be labeled according to moral rules thus allowing each individual a chance at a more favorable outcome over an unfavorable one. Act utilitarianism, in contrast, maintains that the morality of each action is determined in relation to the favorable and unfavorable consequences that come from the act (Waller, 2008)). This aspect seems the best fit when speaking of abortion as it focuses on the act of abortion and not just the consequences of the act or moral code. The Act portion of utilitarianism is a more moral based utilitarianism as it focuses on the act itself and the consequences that come from doing that specific act. Now that we have a broad prospective on how the utilitarian theory works in accordance to the topic of abortion we must further this discussion and apply the fundamental aspects of a variety of different theorists to the topic of abortion. The first of these coming from Peter Singer (1993) who claims â€Å"there is a clear cut answer to the question of the moral permissibility of abortion and those who think there is not ‘are simply mistaken’ (P. 135). This is an important concept to hold and brings a much heated debate on abortion that will surely require much attention in the future. Singer starts his debate on this issue at the very beginning of the life cycle and never looks back. He says as stated by Crome (2008): â€Å"One of the primary issues is that the development form from the fertilized egg to child is continuous. Consequently, it is difficult for those who want to defend abortion to establish a morally significant dividing line between the earliest stages of life when abortion would be permissible and the point at which that life turns into a properly human life, and when it would not† (pg. 2). Along the way he emphasizes that this process may hit many detours in the determining when a fetus can actually be able to live viably. This is just one of the ways Singer brings mention to the life cycle and its ability to determine when or when not an abortion is a just fact. To the opposite of this there are many instances where Singer seems to be a proponent for abortion, but at the same time shows signs that he is actually against it. He even goes to the extent of giving vivid details in the case of those who may be over the gestational age to have an abortion, but choose to go to another country to have the abortion done illegally. Peter Singer, in my opinion, gives a thorough representation of the utilitarian method of ethics. He denotes the good points and the bad points of this type of ethical judgement while giving examples to prove or disprove his methods. Another utilitarian philosopher by the name of J. S. Mill also gave great contribution to the concept of abortion and the utilitarian way. However, before we talk about how he contributed to abortion, we must get a generalization about the role he played in utilitarian ethics and morality in general by visiting an excerpt from his famous piece Utilitarian in which Mill (1998) states: â€Å"there is, I am aware, a disposition to believe that a person who sees in moral obligation a transdental fact, an objective reality belonging to the province of things in themselves; is likely to be more obedient to it than one who believes it to be entirely subjective, having its seat only in human consciousness† (P. 75). This sentiment goes the distance in explaining the type of utilitarianism Mill promoted. Unlike others he seemed to use a lighter version of utilitarianism allowing for things others would have never dreamed of. Mill went great lengths in trying to determine a more effective way to approach utilitarianism as he felt there were deeper components then just what is left to the consciousness. Mill would approach this issue through a variation of questions ending with the notion of overall pleasure. One of Mill’s (2002) firm beliefs was that â€Å"the only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion† (p. 259). This is intrinsic to the discussion of abortion as there are so many points of view that range from lack of opinion to utter disgust. He does however feel that individuals should be rational enough to realize whether an event will have favorable or unfavorable outcomes (Qizilbash, 2006). This being said, the pleasure or the pain behind the act becomes the justification of the act. For instance, let us consider the case of parents that are faced with having a baby that would become a disadvantage over a period of time. In this case the greater good in Mill’s view would be to abort the baby, thus forgoing the possibilit ies of grief and stress in the future. In the end the event will bring more pain then pleasure and becomes a vehicle to attain a desired pleasure and in that respect is considered a moral act. Interestingly enough Mill encountered the topic of abortion through another careful observation. If carrying and raising a baby may potentially bring pain of any sort (not being able to nurture the child properly) then the baby may be better off being aborted. This can be said because the inability to function as a good parent is a painful thing and thus the abortion becomes the appropriate thing to do. This again under Mills and the utilitarian theory becomes a moral act for those reasons. The one great distinction between Mill and others is the allowance for a calculation of pain and pleasure (Riley, 2009). These calculations were to be done on an individual basis which now allowed for each person to hold some accountability for their own pleasures and pain. Mill held many views on abortion and morality but more importantly he set into motion the fact that pleasure and pain is not necessarily a set factor and can be calculated by each individual. When viewing abortion in accordance of the utilitarian theory it is imperative that the views of Jeremy Bentham be discussed as he gives an interesting stance to the topic of abortion. His focus is on the greatest good for the overall greatest number of people and also includes the Hedonistic Calculus Theory which was extremely helpful in representing his position on abortion. He used the Hedonistic Calculus Theory as a way to determine which pleasures are of the greatest good and should be pursued by others (Nussbaum, 2004). This theory contained several different categories which were used under Bentham as a way to view each situation separately. In this way there were times when abortion would be permitted and other times when abortion would be strictly prohibited. For example, if a woman was raped and subsequently became pregnant then abortion would be justifiable because the baby could possibly bring more pain to the mother, the family, and even the baby itself. T he problem that comes about under this approach is that many times the issues surrounding abortion never really come to a final conclusion, but instead multiple conclusions may be reached depending on the variation of circumstances that arise. Bentham and his utilitarian approach definitely addresses the topic of abortion, however, leaves many opportunities for a final conclusion to never be determined. In conclusion, we have to understand that the application of the utilitarian principle of ethics seeks to set a general rule to apply to all moral decisions. In the case of abortion, the utilitarian states that all unwanted pregnancies that represent a physical, mental, emotional, and financial hardship should be terminated via abortion. Furthermore, the utilitarian does not look at the unborn fetus as in a way which happiness is to be gained or lost, but rather as a piece of society as a whole. This becomes a disadvantage because the fetus is not allowed any rights nor is it granted happiness because at this stage it does not experience a cognitive rational thought process. The limitations that the utilitarian theory adds to the discussions must also be addressed as many times there is not enough information provided to come to a final and ever so important conclusion. The utilitarian method is a straight forward way to determine the best possibilities of pleasure over pa in for all involved. References Crome, K. (2008). Is Peter Singer’s Utilitarian Argument about Abortion Tenable? Richmond Journal of Philosophy. 17, 1-9. Katz, D. (Nov. 8, 2004). Political, Public Health and Morality. New Haven Register. New Haven, Con. Mill, J. S. (2002). On Liberty. Classics of Political and Moral Philosophy. Ed. New York: Oxford. Mill, J. S. (1998). Utilitarianism. Ed. Roger Crisp. New York: Oxford University Press. 75. Nussbaum, M. (2004). Mill between Aristotle and Bentham. Daedalus. 133(2), 60-69. Qizibash, M. (2006). Capability, Happiness, and Adaptation in Sen and J. S. Mill. Utilitas, 18(1), 20-33. Riley, J. (2008). The Interpretation of Maximizing Utilitarianism. Social Philosophy and Policy, 26(1), 286-326. Singer, P. (1993). Taking Life: The Embryo and the Fetus. Practical Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 135. Waller, B. N. (2008). 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